Ways of Knowing Essay Example for Free

Ways of Knowing Essay Carper (1978) identified four fundamental patterns of knowing which are (1) empirics, or the science of nursing; (2) personal knowledge; (3) esthetics, or the art of nursing; and (4) ethics, or the moral component of nursing. The purpose of this discussion is to explain how each pattern of knowing affects this author’s practice, and to identify the author’s preferred paradigm and provide justification for choosing this paradigm. Empirical knowing is based on the belief that what someone knows is objective and attainable through our senses (Chinn Maeona, 2011). Empirical knowledge is created through research to test hypotheses. This type of knowledge could be called evidence based practice. Empirical knowing is used daily in this nurses practice with the administration of medications that have been studied and tested for there efficacy on identified diseases. As an Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) this type of knowing will be used to make evidence based choices about diagnoses, medications prescribed, and care plans initiated. The personal knowledge pattern of knowing is based on an interpersonal process which involves â€Å"interactions, relationships, and transactions between the nurse and the patient-client† (Carper, 1978). By sharing personal experiences at appropriate times and being open and willing to listen to patients, this nurse practices this pattern of knowing. A major focus of this author’s APN practice will be to get to know each individual client on a personal level. This will show the client that they are important as a person and not just a number. Esthetics knowing or the art of nursing is the ability of a nurse to grasp meaning from each patient encounter (Johnson, 1994). The nurse practicing esthetics must be genuine, empathetic, and strive for a connection with their patients (Johnson, 1994). This author toils with practicing esthetics in his current position as an emergency room (ER) nurse. When patients come to the ER on a frequent basis it is very hard to show empathy and try to connect with them. As a practicing APN this nurse will try to deliver nursing care based on the clients individual needs and perceptions by understanding the uniqueness of every patient. Ethical knowing or the moral direction of nursing is focused on the nurses’ responsibility of knowing what out to be done and what is good and right (Carper, 1978). Ethical knowing â€Å"guides and directs how nurses morally behave in their practices† (Chinn Maeona, 2011, p. 7). This nurse practices ethics by being a patient advocate and preserving his clients right to choose or refuse care. This patient advocacy will continue as this nurse advances to the role of APN. This author ascribes to the empiricism paradigm. This paradigm is similar to empirical knowing in that it is based on the premise that what is known can be verified through the senses, or validated through research (Monti Tingen, 1999). This author believes that the basis of a good practice is through the use of evidence based findings. If the procedure or care plan is supported by research, and the findings are reproducible, then this author is more likely to implement it into his practice. As this author continues his journey toward becoming an APN the patterns of knowing are very important to understand. By implementing these patterns to practice, and using evidence based findings to guide decision making, the author will be better able to care for his patients.

Euthanasia: Precious Life :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Euthanasia: Precious Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My impression is that the idea of euthanasia, if not the practice, is gradually gaining acceptance within our society. People like Jack Kevorkian attribute this to an increasing inclination to devalue human life, but I do not believe that this is the major factor. The acceptance of euthanasia is much more likely to be the result of unthinking sympathy and benevolence. It is an easy step from this very human response to the view that if someone would be better off dead, then it must be right to kill that person. Although I respect the compassion that leads to this conclusion, I believe that this conclusion is wrong. I want to show that euthanasia is wrong. It is inherently wrong, but it is also wrongly judged from the standpoints of self-interest and of practical effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before presenting my arguments, it would be well to define â€Å"euthanasia†. An essential aspect of euthanasia is that it involve taking a human life. Also, the person whose life is taken must be someone who is believed to be suffering from an incurable disease or injury from which recovery cannot reasonably be expected. Finally the action must be deliberate and intentional. Therefore euthanasia is intentionally taking the life of a presumably hopeless person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to be clear about the deliberate and intentional aspect of the killing. If a hopeless person is given an injection of the wrong drug by mistake and this causes his/her death, this is wrongful killing but not euthanasia. The killing cannot be the result of an accident. In addition, if the person is given an injection of a drug that is believed to be necessary to treat their disease or better their condition and the person dies as a result, then this is neither wrongful killing nor euthanasia. The intention was to make the patient well, not kill them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every human being has a natural inclination to continue living. Our reflexes and responses fit us to fight attackers, flee wild animals, and dodge out of the way of trucks. In our daily lives we exercise caution and care necessary to protect ourselves. Our bodies are similarly structured for survival right down to the molecular level. When we are cut, our capillaries seal shut, our blood clots, and fibrogen is produced to start the process of healing the wound. When we are invaded by bacteria, antibodies are produced to fight against the alien organism, and their remains are swept out of the body by special cells designed for clean-up work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is enough I believe to recognize that the organization of the human

Property legal studies

Compare and contrast the compulsory acquisition property laws that exist in China with those in that are currently in place in Australia. Describe how international pressure could be brought to bear on Chinese authorities to properly enforce the property rights that should be available to Chinese citizens. Introduction China has achieved remarkable economic growth in the last decade; compulsory land acquisition was inevitable during the process of development.According to the Chinese constitution, compulsory acquisition is an activity dominated by the overspent transferring the use right of land from personal to state and the land will use for construction purpose (International real estate review, 2003). Chinese government expropriates the land use right from individual and then sells the land to property developers and gets the land grand fee at the same time. The government requires acquiring authority to pay compensation and to reach a compensation agreement with the dispossessed people.However, only a small amount of money will pay to the individual as compensation. In contrast, the compulsory acquisition is under section 51 of Australia constitution and can be carry UT by federal and state government. It is normally happens for the public infrastructure such as road work, subway or some other circumstance which may have affect the public safety. Differently, in Australia the owners can get a fair market value for their property under the federal Jurisdiction (Compulsory acquisition, the basics, 2013).Issue As China is developing in all aspects, there has great demand for land for infrastructure and accommodations development. Developing itself is a good thing; it can bring many benefits both to the country and people. However, the compensation s not determined on the basis of the market price of land in China result in a lot of conflict. One of the famous cases that became headlines of media over worldwide happened in Shanghai China. A New Zealand nationa lists couples came back to Shanghai after they finishing studies.They have built a four-level house in Min Hang state; which is the biggest state in Shanghai. In 2008, they received a notice letter that told them their house would be compulsory acquired and they need to move out within 1 5 days because of the exploitation of Honoring Airport transportation hub. Panging couple would get 2,241 ARM per square meter of the land as compensation; which was total 670,000 ARM for the whole 480 square meters' house. At that time, the average market price for a house in that region was 12,000 ARM per square meter.Panging couple thought the compensation was inadequate so they refused to sign the relocation agreement. After 15 days the government delivered the demolition administrative Judgments, they started compulsory acquisition. One day, in the early morning, bulldozers came and directly pushed over the first-level door of Pangs house. Panging stood on her roof said to the construction team that engaged in polices, firemen, the director of transportation construction committee and some other people that if they do not have a writ from court, it is illegal to compulsorily acquire their house.However the construction team did not hear Panging, they kept chiseling the wall of Pangs house and throwing stones to her and her husband. In desperation, Panging left the homemade gasoline bottles. Pangs behavior offended the public security administration law and consequently panging couple were arrested and their house have compulsorily acquired (Compulsory acquisition, the basics, 2013). The issue here is according to the newest property law that law protects the personal legitimate properties, as same as the state and collective properties.People may think that I have my estate licenses and my house was legitimate property. Law should protect my rights not they have a demolition permit letter then you can do whatever you want to my house. (SOHO News 2009) Law apply Neverthele ss, the People Republic of China Property Law 2007 section 42 set an exception that authority prescribed by law can impose collective ownership of land ND unit, individual housing and other real estate.There has a lime light that the world using in the law is impose; which means the compensation fee uses for changing the ownership of the rights to use the land not for relocation. In other words, government buys the rights of use the land from individuals then they can develop it. Not like the case before, the transportation construction committee delivered the notice and offered only one fifths of the market price and started to move the house. According to the state council No. 90 2011, the regulation on the expropriation of buildings on state-owned land and compensation, section 3,article 19:' the compensation for the value of houses to be expropriated shall not be less than the market price of the real estate comparable to the houses to be expropriated on the date of the public n otice of the house expropriation decisions. The value of the houses to be expropriated shall be assessed and determined by real estate appraisal agencies with appropriate qualifications in accordance with the procedures for evaluating houses to be expropriated.Anyone who has objection to the value of he houses to be expropriated that has been assessed and determined may apply to the real estate appraisal agency for reassessment. Anyone who disagrees with the results of the review may apply to the real estate appraisal expert committee for appraisal. ‘ In the case, Panging coupes tried to negotiate with the committee. But the consequences were all the same that the committee would not change the price at all. Without the permission or without the owner signing the document, any departments have no rights to compulsorily acquire the land. The action happened on Phonons case was illegal.No solutions are coming out from the government and that is not the only case happened in Chin a. There are hundreds of the similar cases occurred every day. In contrast, compulsory acquisition in Australia can obtain the land by negotiated agreement. Acquisition by negotiated agreement involves the owner and the commonwealth agreeing to the terms of the agreement and the amount of compensation. In addition, if the owner not satisfied with the amount of compensation that government offers, they can find any two estimates accompany and get the average price as the compensation (The commonwealth and you:Compulsory Acquisition of Land 2011) Land Acquisition Reform: Law enforcement department need to carry out their obligation make sure all of the compulsory acquisitions happen legally and the compensation is adequately for dispossessed people. In addition, with the accession of China into the World Trade Organization, China has to upgrade the welfare of her citizens to international standards. Apparently, the acquire authorities did not fulfill their responsibilities and that le d to many people become homeless or even do not have enough food supply.Chinese government did not take any timely measures to solve this issue. Therefore I think that Amnesty International should urge Chinese government introduce new legislation to meet the international standards and stop the compulsory acquisition without getting an agreement with individuals and make ensure that victims of compulsory acquisition can get a fair trial and compensation. Conclusion: It's difficult to avoid compulsory acquire as there has a great demand for land for infrastructure development. However, home is the most important resources that humans rely on.Panging couple's actions offended the law and they received the enmeshment, but in other ways, their behavior also explained their frustration. The legislation should protect the property rights of citizens and once the people have a stable industry and income, the country could have a sustainable development.

Written Task Dolls House - 1173 Words

Outline Prescribed question: Power and privilege: â€Å"How and why is a social group represented in a particular way? Title of text for analysis: A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, Norway 1879. Task is related to course section: Part 3: Literature texts and context Task focus: This essay focuses on Ibsen’s way of representing women, it explains why does he represent them in that specific particular way and how the time, era and context he lived in affected this aim. It states that women are represented as capable and independent individuals because of Ibsen’s concern of society’s acceptance of this new role of women. It compares women showed in â€Å"A Doll’s House† with the actual women of that time. It uses examples and quotation†¦show more content†¦Her final goal was so important to her, protecting her family, she knew she had to do whatever was necessary, even if that meant not being true to her husband or society. In the end, she realizes that it was more important to her husband his reputation, than what it had meant to Nora, all she had done for the love of her family, concluding to the raw truth that her husband didn ´t really love her: he loved what she represented before society, a loving, faithful wife that compelled to all his expectations. She knew that to love her children, she needed first to understand and love herself, a thought way beyond and ahead of time, for a woman in the late 1800 ´s. Another woman, having a different role in society, such as Nora ´s friend, Christine Linde, a childless widow, that proves to be an individual capable of surviving on her own, in a society who thought that a respectable women should be married and dependent of her husband. She once had been a â€Å"doll† like Nora. She also shows that she is a resourceful woman. When Nora tells Christine what is happening with Krogstad, Christine tells Nora not to worry that she will help her dissuade Krogstad (and she does), because she was once in love with him, but didn’t marry him since she needed money to help her sickShow MoreRelated A Dolls House Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesA Doll House Essay Ibsen said that his mission in life was to â€Å"Inspire individuals to freedom and independence† which was shown throughout the play A Doll House. Since he wrote modern theatre, the characters were real and audiences could relate to them. He particularly questioned the role of men and women during his time. Ibsen used A Doll House to motivate women so they would seek more power and freedom in their relationships. Audiences could then look up to characters such as Nora andRead MoreNora Helmer versus Hedda Gabler in Male Dominated Society Essay1101 Words   |  5 Pagesof Hedda Gabler and A Doll House, we witness examples of a single individual against the overwhelming society. Nora left her family and marriage behind to become an independent individual without the control of men; whereas, Hedda Gabler choose death as her ultimate solution when she was threatened to be control by man. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House was written in 1879 in a style of realism, which depicted life more truthfully without idealized literary elements. A Doll’s House conveys Ibsen’s concernRead MoreThe Philosophy Behind Phantoms A Ghost 1416 Words   |  6 Pagesslam doors (Stone 14; McGrath 2). Shadow ghosts are unexplained shadows that are dark in color and are said to be evil, or bad luck, for their gloomy appearance. Commonly spotted in reflective areas, such as mirrors and windows, most are seen inside houses or outside at a distance, so anywhere where the presence of ghosts are felt would have the chance of holding a phantom there (Stone 20-21). Furthermore, ghosts have made history through encounters with iconic figures. One of the first evidence ofRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1220 Words   |  5 PagesHow do the women in A Doll’s House challenge the societal norms of the era the play was written in? Henrik Ibsen wrote and published A Doll s House in 1879. This play created a heated conversation throughout Europe about women’s rights and their place in society. This play discusses how society perceives women during the late 1800s and how characters challenged the societal norm. The play is about women struggling to find independence and security. Through the marriage of Nora and her husband, HemlerRead More A Dolls House: Nora Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesAN  ANALYSIS  OF  NORA, THE MEN IN HER LIFE, AND  HER  NAVIGATATION  TO INDEPENDENCE nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The  play,  A  Doll  House,  written  by  Henrik  Ibsen  in  1879,  is  considered  a   landmark  in  drama  for  its  portrayal  of  realistic  people,  places,  and  situations.  Ibsen   confines  his  story  to  the  middle  class.  He  writes  of  a  society  that  is limited  not only  by  its  means  of  livelihood  but  also  its  outlook.  Ibsen  portrays  his characters    as  preoccupied  with  work  and  money, showing a reductionRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1666 Words   |  7 PagesMy understanding of cultural and contextual considerations of the work, A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, was deepened through the interactive oral. We discussed about the cultural values of the time with its emphasis on the position of women, and the play’s influence on feminism in Norway. In fact, A Doll’s House is more relevant than before, since a paradigm shift occurred in the modern society that women are no longer dependent upon men. After the publication and the first stage production, theRead MoreTaking a Look at Cyberdolls1685 Words   |  7 Pagesbest technologically advanced doll equipped with the latest and cutting-edge technology. 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