Sartre's Defense of Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sartre's Defense of Existentialism - Essay Example Nevertheless, Sartre’s response to the objection that his existentialism makes all choice arbitrary is not only good but also sensible. Sartre interprets the objection that confronts him and his existentialism – â€Å"It does not matter what you do† – in three ways: â€Å"First they tax us with anarchy; then they say, ‘You cannot judge others, for there is no reason for preferring one purpose to another’; finally, they may say, ‘Everything being merely voluntary in this choice of yours, you give away with one hand what you pretend to gain with the other’† (Sartre 13). The first objection – the idea that â€Å"they tax us with anarchy† – translates as â€Å"to say that it does not matter what you choose is not correct† (14). Sartre then responds to this objection by using logic: â€Å"If I do not choose, that is still a choice† and one therefore â€Å"cannot avoid choosing† (14). To this, Sartre adds the idea that â€Å"it is impossible for [one]†¦not to take complete responsibility for making a choice† (14). The people who object Sartre’s existentialism tell him one thing – that there must be some definite law that governs decision-making and that true free will does not exist. For example, they may argue that when a man comes face to face with a lion, then the idea of free will is somehow overridden by the instinct to run, and therefore one can say that there is no free choice in such a situation. Free choice, for these people who oppose Sartre, may only be confined to everyday decisions about petty things such as which clothes to wear and which food to eat. Nevertheless, how Sartre responds to them is not only good but also sensible in that logic tells us that when one flees from a lion, then one definitely still makes a choice – the choice of fleeing. Although the idea of instinct may somehow seem to negate free choice in th is particular situation, it actually does not because the only thing visible is the choice to flee for whatever basis there is to it. Whether there is a basis for such a choice or not, for Sartre, it is not important and that one’s choice may be â€Å"determined by no a priori value† (14), and can therefore be an irrational one. Others may partly agree that an action such as fleeing a lion is indeed a choice but they would then require reason for it, or something a priori on which the choice must be based. Nevertheless, Sartre is sensible enough to say that not all choices may be based on anything a priori such as reason. Why? What is the problem with having an a priori basis for a choice? Sartre explains this through the story of a pupil of his who has chosen to live with his mother instead of fighting the enemy (7). Those people who object to Sartre’s existentialism believe that there must be a basis to every choice, but they do not recognize that whatever bas is they use, it is still they who make that choice of using that basis, as Sartre contends. Sartre’s method of refuting this objection is excellent: he explains the vagueness of the Christian doctrine as well as Kant’s Categorical Imperative if these two established doctrines were used as an a priori principle on which the young man’s decision must be based. Sartre points out that although the Christian doctrine teaches one to â€Å"act with charity,†

Rita Dove Roast Possum What is Thomas Doing Essay

Rita Dove Roast Possum What is Thomas Doing - Essay Example He tells stories about a special horse and also about hunting possums. These are kind of folk stories, but the children love the stories because the evoke a distant time when the world was a different place. Part of the context of this different time is that African-Americans would not have been treated as proper people. Behind Thomas is an encyclopedia. Encyclopedias are supposed to be repositories of knowledge. They are supposed to be just the facts. But we can see that this book has racists facts such that African-American children stop being intelligent when they reach puberty. It is clear that the stories that the book tells are less true than the stories that Thomas is remembering of his youth. The encyclopedia is an official book which is full of so-called facts. Thomas's story is full of lingo and second-hand information, but Dove is implying that nevertheless Thomas's stories are much more true than the books, even if there are dozens of them fulling the shelves. These kind of stories, Dove is saying, tell us a lot about ourselves (Righelato, 87). Thomas' stories have embellishments but that only makes them more true, the poet suggests. They are full of old-time know how, which beats academic knowledge any day, Dove implies. When Malcolm asks Thomas about the horse, Thomas replies with more details about the possum.

The Applicability of Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

The Applicability of Death Penalty Essay The question of death penalty being a part of the judicial system of the American nation and of most countries in the world has remained a huge debate from the very beginning it was raised. Religious and secular groups have rallied toward the complete abolition of this kind of punishment, and others who did not actively participate also agreed that the act is a form of cruelty. In 1972 during the case of Furman versus Georgia, the Supreme Court declared that indeed the act violated the â€Å"cruel and unusual† punishment provision of the eight amendment. This court ruling has lead to the lifting of more than 600 death sentences, complete abolition of the sentence to some states and illegalization of mandatory death penalty (Longley, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The illegalization of mandatory death sentences involves the thorough investigation of any case in which the defendant has already been sentenced to death or is about to be sentenced to death. This states that everything must be taken into account before a person is declared to be deserving of death penalty. Pieces of evidence must point to the said judgment as well as the attitude of the defendant (Death Penalty Information Center, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A state which plans to have death penalty as part of their justice system may consider murder as a crime punishable by death for this crime involves taking the life of another person. This may be said to be most applicable especially when the victim is an innocent civilian or a child and the criminal is not regretful of the act. By deliberately taking another person’s life, the murderer deprives the victim of the right to live. For the child-victims, murder takes away the right to be protected and be taken care of. It also deprives the young of all the opportunities that may have been encountered through years of existence. Also, without any form of regret on the part of the proven perpetrator of the crime, sympathy should not be extended and as such death sentence becomes most appropriate (Holmes and Holmes, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The punishment by death should also include any type of multicide like mass murder, spree murder and serial murder. Criminals who commit such murders should be sentenced to death for they have taken what could have been meaningful and prosperous lives. This may be said to be also the case in infanticide or the killing of a child not more than three months old. The innocent victim deserves justice. As all murders are believed to be pre-meditated or carefully planned, proven murderers deserve the treatment they have given to their victims and as such, if there is not any form of regret or apology extended to the remaining relatives of victims, death penalty is but righteous (Holmes and Holmes, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another crime that should be penalized by death is statutory rape or the rape of a child. Since a child is innocent and in the stage of discovery, even a single incident of violence may alter his entire perception of life. An incident of rape may bring about not only unforgettable physical damage but also mental trauma. Its effects on a child’s perception may ultimately decide the child’s future (Rape Victim Advocates, 2008). According to the Michigan Family Impact seminars, 90 percent of teen prostitutes have been sexually abused when they were younger. (Rape Victim Advocates, 2008). This clearly shows how much sexual abuse or rape can destroy an innocent’s life. Even without actually taking the life of the child, it deprives the child of what would have been a better future. This also shows that anyone who was proven a rapist through empirical analysis and investigation deserves to be sentenced to death. In cases where the proven criminal apologizes or shows signs of regret, the opinion of the relatives should be taken to account and the decision should be as according to the desired justice of the offended party. Another crime that deserves penalty by death is the crime of rape with murder against a child.   As this crime not only tortured the child through the sexual abuse, it also took away an innocent life.   It has also incurred great pain to people surrounding the victim, especially if the child-victim was a stranger and the parents had taken care of the child to the utmost. Other than the crimes mentioned above, it would be disproportional to sentence a criminal to death. Only very explicit crimes and life-changing offenses should be sentenced to death, for a life that is altered may already be considered as a life taken away. It should be considered that murder is not merely killing and incurring death of the physical body, rather, the death of the spirit and self-worth is worse than physical death. This is the death incurred to a rape victim, and it is worse than murder. As such, not only murderers but also rapists should be sentenced to death. However, since mandatory death sentence is not allowed, empirical data should be thoroughly checked and taken to account as well as the attitude of the suspect towards his crime before the verdict is given and implemented. In this way, justice shall be served for both the offending and the offended parties. References Death Penalty Information Center. (2008). Death penalty for Offenses Other than Murder. Retrieved January 14, 2009, from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-penalty-offenses-other-murder Holmes, R.M. and Holmes, S.T. (1998). Serial Murder. United States: SAGE Publications. Longley, R. (1997). Recent Legal History of the Death Penalty in America. US Government Info.   Retrieved January 14, 2009, from http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/bldeathpenalty.htm Rape Victim Advocates. (2008). Children Sexual Violence. Retrieved January 14, 2009, from http://www.rapevictimadvocates.org/children.asp

Analysis of One-step Self-etch Adhesive Systems

Analysis of One-step Self-etch Adhesive Systems Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the performance of two types of one-step self-etch adhesive systems and one type of two-step etch-and-rinse (as a control) by examining the resin-dentin interface and assessing the nano-leakage. Materials and Methods: Cervical class V cavities were prepared in 30 sound human premolars. Two types of one-step self-etch adhesive, G-Bond (GB) and Adper Prompt L-Pop(APL), and one type of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive, Excite (Ex), were used to bond the composite restorations. The restored teeth were incubated in water at 37ÂÂ ±1 oC for 24 h. Fifteen were subjected to further immersion in 50% ammoniacal silver nitrate solution for 24 h and soaked in photo-developing solution for 8 h. All teeth were sectioned across the bonding surface in bucco-lingual direction. The cut surfaces were polished, followed by 6N HCL application for 45s. All surfaces were metal coated before conducting the ultra-morphological observation, using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), to characterize the hybrid layer and evaluate the nanoleakage. Results: A significant difference in the thickness of the hybrid layer was evident between all adhesive systems (ANOVA, p Conclusion: GB provides a nano-interaction layer at the dentin/adhesive interface that seems to play an important role in minimizing the degree of associated nanoleakage. Keywords:Â  Dentin adhesive, interface characterization, nano-leakag, one-step adhesives Introduction Although gap-free margins at the dentin/restoration interface could be achieved with some adhesive systems utilizing the total-etch technique, Sano et al., have described another pattern of leakage, by observing the penetration of silver nitrate along gap-free margins by the aid of either scanning (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Since leakage was found to occur within the nanometer-sized spaces around the collagen fibrils within the hybrid layer, it has been termed nano-leakage[1-5]. The nano-leakage usually represents permeation laterally through the hybrid layer and could be the result of the incomplete infiltration of adhesive resin into the demineralized dentin[3]. This kind of leakage may also allow the penetration of bacterial products or oral fluids along the interface, which may result in hydrolytic breakdown of either the adhesive resin or collagen within the hybrid layer, thereby compromising the stability of the resin-dentin bond[5]. In spite of the technique-associated difficulties, previous studies indicated the efficiency of 50% silver nitrate solution in detecting nano-leakage within the hybrid layer[3,6,7]. However, the acidity of that solution (pH = 3.4-4.5), during long time immersion could induce demineralization around the edges of the restorations, particularly into the partially-demineralized dentin, leading to false positive results[7-9]. The modified silver-staining technique was recently suggested to overcome the drawback of silver nitrate solution. It utilizes 50 wt% ammoniacal silver nitrate having pH measured at 9.5 aiming to eliminate the possibility of dentin dissolution at the hybrid layer[10]. Although the nano-leakage for various adhesive systems and its influence on bond strength have been evaluated in previous studies[11,12]. As well as the effect of different parameters as thermo-cycling and etching time on nano-leakage, this in vitro study aimed to evaluate the thickness of the interaction layer and nano-leakage of 2 types of one-step adhesive systems and one type of two-step etch-and-rinse (as a control)[8,13]. The null hypothesis tested was that the one-step adhesive system (G-Bond) might offer better adhesion to cavity walls via formation of a nano-interaction zone instead of the traditional hybrid layer. Materials and Methods Thirty sound freshly extracted premolars of patients indicated for orthodontic treatment were collected. The collected teeth were cleaned using the Pro-sonic 300 MTH (Sultan Chemists, Englewood, NJ, USA), and examined to ensure the absence of cracks using a binocular microscope at 20x magnification (Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan). The selected teeth were stored in deionized water that contained antibacterial agent (0.2% sodium azide) for a maximum of 1 month[14]. Using No. 330 bur (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA, USA) at high speed with copious air/water spray, standardized 2 mm deep class V cavities were prepared at the buccal surfaces 0.5 mm coronal to the cement-enamel junction of all teeth. The prepared margins were all placed in enamel. A metal, buccal-fitted, index was used to guide the external cavity outlines and a rubber stopper hanged to the burs shank has aided in determining the accurate cavity depth. All the prepared cavities were thoroughly rinsed with water and air-dried before receiving the composite restorations. Table1.shows the description and manufacturers of materials used in this study. Two one-step, self-etch (G-Bond); and (Adper Prompt L-Pop) adhesive systems were used to retain the Tetric Ceram hybrid composite restorations. In addition, 1 two-step, etch-and-rinse (Excite) adhesive system was also selected to serve as control (n= 10 cavities for each). The self-etch adhesive systems were applied to the prepared cavities and left for 10s before air thinning. Curing of both self-etching adhesives was performed by the use of a light-curing device (Hawe-Neos, Gentilino, Switzerland) for 10s. The dentin surfaces of control cavities were etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Ivoclar-Vivadent) for 15s, washed under copious air-water spray, then the excess water was removed by blotting with a tissue paper leaving the dentin visibly moist. The Excite adhesive was then applied using a brush for 10s and light-cured for 20s after air-drying of the excess material. The cavities were then filled with composite, and cured for 40s before finishing using 1000-grit abrasive paper (SAIT AC Abrasive, Torino, Italy) in presence of water-cooling. The restored teeth were incubated in distilled water at 37ÂÂ ±1ÂÂ °C for 24 h before sectioning and testing have taken place. Assessing the dentin/adhesive interface Five premolars from each group were half-sectioned bucco-lingually across the bonding surface with a low-speed diamond saw (model 650, South Bay Technology Inc., CA, USA). The cut surfaces were then lightly finished using a sequence of 600, 800, and 1000-grit abrasive papers (SAITAC Abrasive) in presence of water-cooling followed with light polishing with diamond paste. The samples were then immersed in 6N (mol/L) HCL for 45 seconds then rinsed with distilled water and dried for 24 h at 37ÂÂ °C (Binder Incubator, Type B28, Tuttlingen, Germany). The dried samples were sputter coated with gold-palladium (JEOL, JFC, 1100e, Tokyo, Japan.) The dentin/adhesive interface of each sample was then examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) at 30 KV (JEOL, JSM, 5600LV, Tokyo, Japan)[14]. The thickness of interaction layer was measured in micrometer using a standard microscale calibrated FE-SEM Evaluating the nano-leakage The root apices of the remaining five teeth of each group were covered with sticky wax (Dentsply DeTrey, Bois Colombes, France), while their entire surfaces were coated with two layers of nail varnish except for the cervical margin of the restored cavity and 1 mm around. A modified silver staining technique, was used with basic 50wt% ammoniacal silver nitrate (pH=9.5)[15]. The chemical reagents from which the staining solution was prepared are listed in (table 1). The solution was freshly prepared by dissolving 25 g of silver nitrate crystals in 25 ml of distilled water. Concentrated (28%) ammonium hydroxide was used to titrate the black solution until it became clear as ammonium ions complexed the silver into diamine silver ([Ag(NH3)2]+) ions. This solution was diluted to 50 ml with distilled water to achieve a 50wt% solution. The teeth were immediately immersed into the freshly-prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution in total darkness for 24 h, followed by thorough rinsing with running distilled water for 5 min. The stained teeth were then placed in a photo developing solution for 8 h under fluorescent light to reduce the diamine silver ions into metallic silver grains within the voids along the bonded interfaces[2,3]. After removal from the developing solution, the teeth were placed under running distilled water for 5 more minutes. The stained teeth were then sectioned and their cut surfaces were finished, polished and acid-treated foll owing the previously mentioned conditions. The measurements of silver penetration were calculated directly on the SEM monitor, using a multi-point measuring device, observing all the internal cavity margin lengths, in steps of approximately 100 ÂÂ µm[6]. The leakage values were expressed as the sum of the cavity margin lengths showing silver deposition. A comparison between these lengths among the three adhesive systems was possible since the dimensions of all cavities were standardized as mentioned before. Statistical analysis The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS statistical package version 10. The data were examined for normal distribution using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. One way analysis of variance ANOVA was used to compare the values of the three groups. The Tukeys post hoc analysis was used to confirm the significance of differences detected between the test groups and the control. The test was considered significant when p Results SEM images representing the adhesive/dentin (A/D) interfaces (Fig 1-3) revealed a variation in the thickness of the detected interaction layers between the tested adhesive systems. ANOVA indicated significant differences between thickness of interaction layers of tested adhesives (p These differences were confirmed among the mean values of Ex and GB (Tukeys comparison, p Penetration of silver along the cavity walls was observed in all samples. (Fig.4-6). Table 3 summarizes the results of nanoleakage testing. ANOVA indicated significant differences between the mean values of the sum of the cavity margin lengths showing silver deposition in the tested adhesive systems (p Discussion Fear of bacterial ingress at the restoration/tooth interface and the subsequent caries recurrence has pushed the interest of researchers to assess the adaptation and adhesion of restorative materials against tooth cavity walls. Several studies, had the concern to evaluate the source of adhesive-dentin bond through assessing the interface characterization[2,16,17]. In vitro study, it is evident that the G-Bond created a thinner interaction zone in comparison to those formed with other adhesives (Figs1-3). Both the Ex and APL formed traditional hybrid layers as a result of resin infiltration within the demineralized dentin through the collagen fibrils. However, the demineralization in case of Ex seems to be more deep as a result of longer time of acid contact (30s). This assumption could explain the formation of the thicker hybrid layer[17] [17]. The interface formed by GB looks different as the surface of dentin is decalcified only slightly and there is almost no exposure of collagen fibrils. This suggest that functional monomers contained in the bonding material react with hydroxyapatite to form insoluble calcium, forming a thin transitional zone that could be measured in nanometers, so it could be termed a nano-interaction zone with the ability to reduce the risk of bond deterioration[18,19]. Moreover, evaluating the microleakage and recently the nanoleakage represent important means of assessing the defective adaptation of materials[20]. Although the use of silver nitrate dye was effective in detecting the nanoleakage, this in vitro study used the ammoniacal silver nitrate dye because of its efficiency doing the same job and to eliminate the drawback of the regular silver nitrate deminerlizing the dentin[3,4,10,15]. SEM images (Figures 4-6) indicated the presence of nanoleakage in all samples bonded with different systems as manifested by the infiltration of silver ions at the adhesive/dentine interface and in some instances around the collagen fibrils. These findings could be attributed to the effect of resin contraction at the time of its polymerization[21]. In addition, the improper wetting of the resin to dentin and collagen surfaces could exist as a result of the wet nature of dentin tissues and bonding resin viscosity[22]. The previously nominated factors could create nanogaps between the bonding resin and dentin surfaces. Confirming the same assumption, other researchers have related the occurrence of nanolekage to the presence of areas of imperfect resin infiltration, retained water or other solvent, poor polymerization, or phase separation[22,23]. On the other hand, various degrees of silver penetration and brightness were evident between samples of different groups indicating different degrees of nanoleakage. This result could be related to the chemical nature of the adhesive systems themselves that is reflected on the expected degree of polymerization shrinkage and the degree of water sorption (dye solution). The recently-marketed adhesive system, G-Bond, includes water and organic solvents in its chemical formula to improve resin infiltration within the wet dentin substrate, as well as nanofiller particles to reduce the extent of polymerization contraction[24]. A study by Pashley EL et al., stated that when HEMA is included as a polymerizable solvent for resin monomers, residual water may persist during evaporation as a result of lowering the vapor pressure of water by HEMA[25]. In previously published TEM observations, pure polymerized HEMA permitted extensive silver impregnation. The authors stated that when HEMA is copolymerized with other resin monomers in the presence of water, it could form hydrogel in the hybrid layer, resulting in additional silver filled patterns in the interfacial layer. In the present study, both APL and Ex. contain HEMA and water which could be the reason of the higher degree of nanoleakage. However the presence of alcohol solvent in the Ex formulation could improve the resin infiltration and accordingly reduces the degree of nanoleakage in comparison to the solvent-free adhesive APL[22,26]. Conclusion Within the limitation of this study, the hypothesis that G-Bond adhesive system can offer better adhesion to cavity walls is acceptable. The formation of a nano-interaction layer seems to play an important role in minimizing the degree of nanoleakage at the bonding interface Clinical relevance: Using the G-Bond adhesive system for bonding composite restorations can minimize the expected degree of nanoleakage and accordingly could reduce the possibility of the future caries recurrence. Figures: Fig (1): SEM image of the interface bonded with G-Bond. The area shown by arrows, between the cured adhesive layer (A) and the dentin (D), is the very thin interaction (hybrid) layer. The electron density in this area is higher than that found with other adhesives. C= composite resin, A= adhesive; D= dentin Fig (2): SEM image of the interface bonded with Adper Prompt L-Pop. The area shown by arrows, between the cured adhesive layer (A) and the dentin (D), is distinct (hybrid) layer with a uniform thickness than that with G-Bond. The funnel shaped configuration of the resin tags is visible, which is resulted by removal of the highly mineralized peri-tubular dentin. C= composite resin, A= adhesive; D= dentin Fig (3) SEM image of the interface bonded with Excite. The area shown by arrows, between the cured adhesive layer (A) and the dentin (D), is distinct (hybrid) layer with a uniform thickness than that with G-Bond. The funnel shaped configuration of the resin tags is visible, which is resulted by removal of the highly mineralized peri-tubular dentin. C= composite resin, A= adhesive; D= dentin Fig (4): SEM image of the interface bonded with G-Bond showing minimal silver deposition in the form of a small distinct localized area (arrows) C= composite resin, A= adhesive; D= dentin Fig (5): SEM image of the interface bonded with Adper Prompt L-Pop showing greater and more intense silver deposition in the form of a small distinct localized area (arrows) when compared to G-Bond ( Fig 4) and Excite (Fig 6) C= composite resin, A= adhesive; D= dentin Fig (6) SEM image of the interface bonded with Excite. The silver deposition presented a less intense pattern when compared to Adper Prompt L-Pop (Fig 5). It was less continuing in the form of a dashed line(arrows) . The silver deposits were mostly located at the base of hybrid layer, but were sometimes also observed at the top. C= composite resin, A= adhesive; D= dentin Tables: Table (1): Materials used in the study:- Categories Materials Description Composition Manufacturer I- Adhesive systems 1. G-Bond (GB) Self-etch one step no mix adhesive Phosphoric acid ester monomer, UDMA, 4-MET, TEGDMA, Acetone, Water, initiators. GC America, St.Alxip. IL, USA. 2. Adper Prompt L-Pop (APL) Self-etch one step no mix adhesive Compartment 1: Methacrylated phosphoric acid esters, photo-initiator, Stabilizers Compartment 2: Water, HEMA, Polyalkenoic acid, Stabilizers 3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA. 3. Excite (Ex) Etch and rinse adhesive HEMA,DMA,Phosphoric acid acrylate, highly dispersed silicon dioxide,initiators and Stabilizers in alcohol solution. Ivoclar Vivadent Schaan, Liechtenstien. II- Restorative Materials 1. Tetric Ceram Light curing, fine particle hybrid resin composite BisGMA, UDMA, TEGDMA, Ytterbium trifluoride, Barium glass pigments and initiators. Ivoclar Vivadent III- Chemical reagents 1. Silver nitrate crystals Sigma Chemical Co.St. Louis. MO. USA 28% Ammonium hydroxide solution Table 2: Means and standard deviations of thickness of the interaction layer (ÂÂ µm) in tested adhesive systems Adhesive system Means SD 95% confidence intervals ANOVA P-Value Turkeys P-Value G-Bond (GB) 0.75 ÂÂ ± 0.16 0.49 1.00 Ë‚ 0.000 P1 Ë‚ 0.001 APL 1.65 ÂÂ ± 0.23 1.56 1.95 Ë‚ 0.000 P2 Ë‚ 0.05 Ex (control) 2.22 ÂÂ ± 0.23 1.53 2.50 Ë‚ 0.000 P1 Ë‚ 0.000 P1 : Turkeys comparison among the means of GB and APL. P2 : Turkeys comparison among the means of APL and Ex. P3 : Turkeys comparison among the means of GB and Ex. Table 3: Means and standard deviations of the sum of cavity margin lengths (ÂÂ µm) showing silver deposition in tested adhesive systems Adhesive system Means SD 95% confidence intervals ANOVA P-Value Turkeys P-Value G-Bond (GB) 12.70 ÂÂ ± 3.27 8.76 16.64 Ë‚ 0.001 P1 Ë‚ 0.002 APL 37.34 ÂÂ ± 6.56 28.83 45.85 Ë‚ 0.001 P2 Ë‚ 0.05 Ex (control) 20.74 ÂÂ ± 5.09 14.49 26.99 Ë‚ 0.001 P1 ˃ 0.05 P1 : Turkeys comparison among the means of GB and APL. P2 : Turkeys comparison among the means of APL and Ex. P3 : Turkeys comparison among the means of GB and Ex.

Foundation, Foundation and Empire, and Caves of Steel, by Isaac Asimov

Everyone is faced with difficult obstacles at some point in his or her life, whether or not they are able to overcome them can define them as a person. Every story has a plot, but a plot is determined by the characters and their actions to events that take place in the story. According to the article â€Å"Science Fiction Images of Computers and Robots† written by Patricia S. Warrick, many of the plots in Asimov’s novels depend on â€Å"computers and robots [along with] space exploration and development† (54). Characters in the novels written by Isaac Asimov have to figure out the capabilities of new technology, understand other characters, and find solutions to problems with no end in sight. Characters’ actions and responses to problems play large roles in the plot of a story. The characters in Asimov’s novels have to solve problems that could affect the future of humankind. With such great advancements in technology, the humans begin to worry tha t technology such as robots will take over and become the primary race. In Isaac Asimov’s novel, Foundation and Empire, one of the themes is deception and some characters use deception to get what they want, and in a world of power, they became the most powerful of all. When the structure of organizations and countries begin to fall apart in the world, there are some people who will do almost anything to gain power. In Asimov’s eyes, the future world is going to be enormous expanding across galaxies, having unlimited technology, and billions of people. Asimov is one of few writers who has had success writing novels containing science fiction and mystery. Isaac Asimov depicts similar themes of power and deception by using the plot, characters, and setting, while the use of all these makes him an i... ...simov. Ed. Joseph D. Olander and Martin Harry Greenberg. N.p.: Taplinger, 1977. 32-58. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 41-45. Print. Short, Sue. "The Measure of a Man? Asimov's Bicentennial Man, Star Trek's Data, and Being Human." Extrapolation 44.2 (2003): 209. General OneFile. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. Warrick, Patricia S. "Science Fiction Images of Computers and Robots." The Cybernetic Imagination. N.p.: The MIT, 1980. 53-79. Rpt. in Contemporary Lieterary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 53-56. Print. Watt, Donald. "A Galaxy Full of People: Characterization in Asimov's Major Fiction." Isaac Asimov. Ed. Joseph D. Olander and Martin Harry Greenberg. N.p.: Taplinger, 1977. 135-73. Rpt. in Contemporary Lieterary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 45-50. Print.

Frankenstein Kickass Paper -- essays research papers

The daughter of an active feminist, Mary Woolstonecraft Shelley eloped with the famous poet Percy Bysshe Shelley at the age of 15, and after was continually and profoundly influenced by his words and writings. Her novel Frankenstein is named among the best written and most meaningful of the gothic works, and is one of the few still popularly read today. A precursor to the Romantic trend in art and intellect, gothic novels rejected of the precepts of order, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. The gothic tradition grew out of disillusionment with the Enlightenment and 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism. Romanticism as a whole emphasized the individual, the irrational, the imaginative, the spontaneous, the emotional, and the transcendental. Shelley herself defines "gothic" as a story "which would speak to the mysterious fears of our Nature, and would awaken thrill ing horror--one to make the reader dread to look around, to curdle the blood and quicken the beatings of the heart." By infusing moral and social concerns into the gothic style, Shelley achieves more than a simple horror story, however. The universal societal and psychoanalytical questions raised in Frankenstein secure its place in world literature and promise decades of similarly fashioned gothic writings. As stated above, the gothic genre developed as a harsh reaction to the predominant Neoclassic ideals of the time; the emphasis shifted from the whole to the solitary, and from society to nature. The "Graveyard Poets," one of whom is Thomas Gray, are attributed with having ushered in the new philosophy and are often termed "Pre-Romantics." Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" has all the elements of the gothic: graves, overtones of death, a rural setting, and a desire for return to a more simplistic, natural time. Simultaneously, Jean-Jacques Rousseau preached a similar creed which presented society as evil, and called for a "natural state of man." Shelley was schooled in both writers, and took their words to heart. In 1776 and 1789 Revolutions swept America and France, indicating that the Neoclassic ideals were not as stable as was previously thought. News of these ... ...; and "Fall of the House of Usher" and Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" use many gothic conventions and themes, such as the ominous tone, dream-like or surreal sequences, and warnings about interdependency and the manipulation of one's mind. The gothic novel revolves as part of the literary cycle, periodically returning for a brief period in the public's eye and then again disappearing into obscure circles of its few disciples. In this scientific age, the gothic is viewed as being overly sentimental, predictable, and implausible. As the ages change, readers, like Victor, are forced to "exchange chimeras of boundless grandeur" which the gothic inspires for "realities of little worth" (Shelley 46). The gothic, the fantastic, is a necessary balance for logic and reason as much as light is to dark, and good to evil. Without one, the other is undefined and therefore has no purpose in its existence. Frankenstein will live on as a brilliant insight into both the political environment of the 18th century and the eternal condition of man as an extension of nature.

Issues in Church and Sacraments

Summary Issues in church and sacraments are practical atheism, deeply upright, deeply crooked, putting our faith to work and catholic devotions. Practical Atheism Is one who does not believe In God. It came from the Greek word â€Å"ethos† which means â€Å"without God† late Pope Paul VI labeled this as an Insidious wolf In sheep's clothing because It hides under a mantle of religious faith but worships wealth, power and the self. Atheism is out and opens, while practical atheism hides the religiosity of people.Most people may appear religious like the practical atheism but the truth is hey don't focus mainly on God but on instead they just focus on themselves since they Just need a God who they can manage and hear their prayers cause the truth is they're not interested in a God who will teach them about truth and Justice. This disrespectful for God is not that obvious in the sense that practical atheist only uses God for their self-interest focusing only for one's self . Idolatry is worshipping an idol; a false image of God Is an idol.Idolatry is worshipping something that projects to one's self Like In times of solving a problem or granting wishes. We control God even though based on the scripture that we are created In the Image and likeness of God but the saddest part Is that we are the one who Is re-creating God In our Image. Practical Atheism Is preoccupied with money, obsessed with wealth and material success. Self-centeredness, self-garnishment, distorted priorities and corruption as a way of life in a nation of fervent church-goers are the signs of practical atheism. Deeply upright, Deeply Crooked explains something about facing the reality.The Philippines is said to be the most religious country in all Asia and also one of the most immoral countries in all Asia, if not the most immoral. Philippines is also known to be the second most corrupt country in Asia this survey is an example of how deeply the Philippines is upright and at the same time how deeply crooked this could be. People's entire concept is based on†investing† in heaven an example of this Is by donating something to a religious organization and assuming that they are already exempted from having to live exemplary lives.Hearing masses, going to confession and receiving the sacraments are the practice that we do and Imagining Like we are just taking a bath to cleanse our sins for going back again to the normal routine like lying, cheating, and stealing with a punishment that is inflicted in return for a wrong doing. The principle here is simple; form is everything like the practices that we are doing but the substance on why we are doing this is nothing. Putting our Faith to Work gives details about on how do we put our faith to work realizing the fact that our churches are filled on Sundays, and yet people very often do not seem to act like Christians at all.We must stress that it is not our Catholic faith that is wrong. We have convert peopl e to Christianity for church membership, rather than for discipleship. We have taught people to seek the kingdom of heaven but we failed to urge them to build a better society. We have drawn our members to our churches for worship but have not sent them out to the world for service. The Catholic faith that we have propagated has been directed more toward celebrating In the Church than a Christian living in the world.The problem, however, does not lie inside our churches people go out of the church that trouble begins. We need to put our Christian faith to work in all choices that we make we must make our Christian faith at the center of our lives in and out of the church. Catholic Devotions expresses the people's personal experiences like when we talk about devotions that has been a greater part of our lives especially in religion that may attract others. Different people have different perspectives that may lead to different religions even if there is only oneGod or worst establish ed a religion because of differences in beliefs. We only express our faith in God in God according to our background and culture. Catholics know more about devotions, rituals novenas that turns out to be a practice and little about scriptures and the teachings of Jesus. Belief is different from faith; a belief without the right faith is fanaticism and gives security, but true faith involves insecurity. We do not need faith when we are so sure of our beliefs. What's it all about making the grade but missing out on learning?Going to class is seen as a duty by most students, rather than an opportunity that they should be thanking for. They are more concern about the grades, assignments, projects and how to pass the subjects than what they have really learned. Learning is necessary and shouldn't be taken for granted. Homework should never be done only because it is needed; if the only reason that a student completes his or her requirement for the sake of getting a grade then it is not a good result because you didn't learn something from it you Just memorize.Figuring out Life's Most Important Questions, students do everything that is required so that they can land to the right Job. Career motivations, questions about the best way to help society in knowing who am l, how shall I live are the questions and things that are important to be talking about at this stage in our lives. Students don't want to e told on what to believe or how to live their lives. Guidance and encouragement is needed to help us figure out life's most important questions for ourselves not to Just be talking about it but also to act on it as well.